Berbagai organisasi-organisasi memiliki karakteristik yang beraneka ragam yang dapat menghasilkan keuntungan dan kerugian masing-masing. Apabila kita ingin mendirikan suatu unit bisnis, maka kita akan memilih bentuk yang paling sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kemampuan untuk mendapatkan tujuan dari unit bisnis atau organisasi tersebut.
Keragaman bentuk organisasi yang ada dapat dibedakan secara jelas ketika kita membandingkan toko kelontong, supermarket, konsultan hukum, atau perusahaan otomotif. Masing-masing unit bisnis atau organisasi tersebut memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda. Demikian pula yang akan kita bahas pada makalah ini seperti Organisasi Niaga, Regional dan Internasional, antara klasifikasi disetiap masing organisasi-organisasi tersebut terdapat perbedaan karakteristik pada pembentukan organisasi, tujuan organisasi maupun segi keuntungan organisasi sendiri.
<> ORGANISASI NIAGA
Organisasi Niaga
Adalah Organisasi yang tujuan utamanya mencari keuntungan.
Macam-macamnya yaitu :
1. Perseroan Terbatas (PT)
2. Perseroan Komanditer (CV)
3. Firma (FA)
4. Koperasi
5. Join ventura
6. Trus
7. Kontel
8. Holding Company
<> ORGANISASI SOSIAL
Organisasi Sosial
Adalah organisasi yang dibentuk oleh anggota masyarakat
Jalur pembentukan organisasi Kemasyarakatan :
1. Jalur Keagamaan
2. Jalur Profesi
3. Jalur Kepemudaan
4. Jalur Kemahasiswaan
5. Jalur Kepartaian & Kekaryaan
<> BENTUK ORGANISASI
Bentuk-bentuk organisasi :
1. Bentuk Organisasi Staff
2. Bentuk Organisasi Lini
3. Bentuk Organisasi Fungsional
4. Bentuk Organisasi Fungsional & Lini
5. Bentuk Organisasi Fungsional & Staff
6. Bentuk Organisasi Lini & Staff
Struktur / bagan organisasi memperlihatkan satuan-satuan organisasi, hubungan-hubungan & saluran wewenang & tanggung jawab yang ada dalam organisasi, digunakan untuk mengatur kelancaran organisasi
Pengertian bentuk organisasi sering disamakan dengan tipe organisasi, padahal keduanya berbeda. Menurut tipenya organisasi dibedakan menjadi dua macam, yaitu organisasi dengan tipe piramid dan organisasi dengan tipe kerucut. Bentuk organisasi memandang organisasi dari segi tata hubungan , wewenang (authority) , dan tanggung jawab (Responsbility), yang ada dalam suatu organisasi.
ARTI PENTING ORGANISASI DAN METODE
Pengertian organisasi dan metode (secara lengkap) adalah rangkaian proses kegiatan yang harus dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kegunaan segala sumber dan faktor yang menentukan bagi berhasilnya proses manajemen terutama dengan memperhatikan fungsi dan dinamika organisasi atau birokrasi dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang sudah ditetapkan.
Dari pengertian tersebut terkandung beberapa maksud yaitu :
1. Organisasi dan metode merupakan kunci atau syarat pelaksanaan kerja yang setepat-tepatnya,
2. Organisasi dan metode penting bagi kegiatan manajemen,
3. Organisasi dan metode dapat memanfaatkan sumber-sumber dan waktu yang tersedia, dan
4. Organisasi dan metode berguna dalam meningkatkan efisiensi kerja untuk mencapai tujuan.
Dari uraian di atas terlihat jelas betapa eratnya hubungan antara manajemen, organisasi dan metode, bahkan sepertinya dapat dikatakan bahwa organisasi dan metode merupakan salah satu bidang pengkhususan dari manajemen.
Manajemen pada hakekatnya merupakan proses kegiatan seorang pimpinan (manager) yang harus dilakukan dengan mempergunakan cara-cara pemikiran yang rasional maupun praktis untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan melalui kerja sama dengan orang lain sebagai sumber tenaga kerja tanpa mengabaikan sumber-sumber yang lain dan waktu yang tersedia dengan cara yang setepat-tepatnya.
Kegiatan manajemen :
1. Planning (perencanaan)
a. Merupakan proses kegiatan pemikiran, dugaan dan penentuan prioritas-prioritas yang harus dilakukan secara rasional sebelum melaksanakan tindakan yang sebenarnya
b. Merupakan kegiatan non fisik (kejiwaan) sebelum melaksanakan kegiatan fisik
c. sangat diperlukan dalam rangka mengarahkan tujuan dan sasaran organisasi serta tujuan suatu program pembangunan
2. Organizing (pengorganisasian)
a. Merupakan proses penyusunan pembagian kerja ke dalam unit-unit kerja dan fungsi-fungsinya serta penempatan mengenai orang yang menduduki fungsi-fungsi tersebut secara tepat
b. Dilakukan demi perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pembagian kerja yang tepat
c. Harus diperhatikan dalam penempatan orang (staffing) dilakukan secara obyektif.
3. Motivating (pendorongan)
a. Merupakan proses kegiatan yang harus dilakukan untuk membina dan mendorong semangat dan kerelaan kerja para pegawai
b. Mencakup segi-segi perangsang baik yang bersifat rohaniah seperti kenaikan pangkat, pendidikan dan pengembangan karier, pemberian cuti dan sebagainya maupun yang bersifat jasmaniah seperti sistem upah yang baik dan memotivasi, pemberian tunjangan, penyediaan fasiliatas yang lengkap, dan sebagainya.
4. Controlling (pengendalian)
a. Merupakan rangkaian kegiatan yang harus dilakukan untuk mengadakan pengawasan, penyempurnaan dan penilaian sehingga dapat mencapai tujuan seperti yang direncanakan
b. Sangat penting untuk mengetahui sampai dimana pekerjaan sudah dilaksanakan
c. Dapat dilakukan evaluasi, penentuan tindakan korektif ataupun tindak lanjut, sehingga pengembangan dapat ditingkatkan pelaksanaannya
Keempat kegiatan manajemen tersebut tidak dapat terlaksana tanpa adanya sumber-sumber ataupun sarana yang harus didayagunakan secara tepat. Sumber-sumber yang dimaksud disebut 6 M (The six M’s in management), yaitu:
1. Manusia atau tenaga kerja (man power).
2. Uang atau dana (money).
3. Bahan-bahan atau material (materials).
4. Mesin dan peralatan (machine and equipment).
5. Tata kerja atau (methods)
6. Pasar (market).
**sumber :
http://nengsary.wordpress.com
http://wikipedia.com
05/10/2011
Organization
Hello all
, it's been a while since last post in this blog. This post will be a mark of the beginning of my new term
So, have a nice time reading this post about Organization
Organizations is basically used as a place or a place where people gather, work together in a rational and systematic, planned, organized, guided and controlled, in exploiting the resources (money, materials, machines, methods, environment), infrastructure, data, etc. are used efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals.
According to experts there is some sense of organization as follows.
1.Stoner said that the organization is a pattern of relationships through which people under the direction of superiors to pursue common goals.
2. James D. Mooney argued that any form of union organization is a human being to achieve a common goal.
3. Chester I. Bernard argues that the organization is a system of cooperation activities carried out by two people or more.
4. Stephen P. Robbins stated that the Organization is the entity (entity) consciously coordinated social, with a relatively identifiable boundary, working on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or purpose group.
>> As for the characteristics of the organization is
[] The component (superiors and subordinates)
[] The existence of cooperation (cooperative is structured from a group of people)
[] The goal
[] The target
[] The format and order of attachment that must be obeyed
[] The delegation of authority and coordination tasks
Elements of the Organization
According to Keith Davis, there are three important elements of participation:
[] The first element, that the participation or the participation in fact a mental involvement and feelings, rather than solely or simply by physical involvement.
[] The second element is the willingness to give something to contribute to the attainment of group goals. This means, that there is a sense of fun, volunteering to help the group.
[] The third element is the element of responsibility. The element is a prominent aspect of the sense of being a member. It is recognized as members means there is a sense of "sense of belongingness".
Organisation Theory
A. Classical Organization Theory
Classical theory contains the concepts of the organization beginning in 1800 (age 19). Generally described as enumerated by the classical theorists are very decentralized and specialized tasks, and provide mechanistic clues do not contain rigid structural creativity.
1. Theory of Bureaucracy
This theory was advanced by Max Weber in his book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. The word bureaucracy initially derived from the legal-rational. The organization is legal, because his authority came from a set of rules and procedures are clearly defined role, and the organization is called rational in terms of setting goals and designing the organization to achieve that goal.
2. Administrative Theory
This theory was largely developed on the basis of the contribution of Henri Fayol and Urwick Lyndall from Europe as well as Mooney and Reily of America. Henry Fayol industrialists of France, in 1841-1925 put forward and discuss the 14 principles of management on which to base the development of theories of administration are: ~ The division of labor (division of work) ~ The authorities and responsibilities (authorityand responsibility) ~ Discipline (discipline) ~ Unity of command (unity of command) ~ Unity of direction (unity of direction) ~ Putting the public interest personal daraipada ~ Remuneration (remuneration of personnel) ~ Centralized (centralization) ~ Chain scalar (scalar chain) ~ Rules (oreder) ~ Justice (equity) ~ The continuity of personnel (stability of tenure of personnel) ~ Initiative (initiative) ~ The spirit of the corps (spirit de corps)
3. Scientific Management
Scientific management developed starting in 1900 by Frederick Winslow Taylor. There are two opinions about scientific management. The first opinion says the scientific management is the application of scientific methods to the study, analyzing and solving organizational problems. The second opinion said that scientific management is a set of mechanisms or techniques "a bag of tricks" to improve the work efficiency of the organization.
B. Neo Classical Theory (or Theory of Human Relations)
Neoclassical theory simply as a theory / flow of human relationships (the human relations movement). Neoclassical theory was developed on the basis of classical theory. The presumption of this theory is to emphasize the importance of psychological and social aspects of the employees as individuals and as part of working group on the basis of this assumption is the neoclassical theory defines "an organization" as a group of people with common goals.
C. Modern Organization Theory
Modern theory also called on the organization as a system analysis is the third major streams in organizational theory and management. Modern theories look at all elements of the organization as a whole & interdependence, in which argued that a system is not closed organisasi associated with a stable environment, but the organization was a system will open.
Sources:
http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/education/1931283-ciri-ciri-organisasi/ # ixzz1ZpnPeD00
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi
http://nengsary.wordpress.com/2011/10/05/ciriunsur-dan-teori-organisasi/
, it's been a while since last post in this blog. This post will be a mark of the beginning of my new term
So, have a nice time reading this post about Organization
Organizations is basically used as a place or a place where people gather, work together in a rational and systematic, planned, organized, guided and controlled, in exploiting the resources (money, materials, machines, methods, environment), infrastructure, data, etc. are used efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals.
According to experts there is some sense of organization as follows.
1.Stoner said that the organization is a pattern of relationships through which people under the direction of superiors to pursue common goals.
2. James D. Mooney argued that any form of union organization is a human being to achieve a common goal.
3. Chester I. Bernard argues that the organization is a system of cooperation activities carried out by two people or more.
4. Stephen P. Robbins stated that the Organization is the entity (entity) consciously coordinated social, with a relatively identifiable boundary, working on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or purpose group.
>> As for the characteristics of the organization is
[] The component (superiors and subordinates)
[] The existence of cooperation (cooperative is structured from a group of people)
[] The goal
[] The target
[] The format and order of attachment that must be obeyed
[] The delegation of authority and coordination tasks
Elements of the Organization
According to Keith Davis, there are three important elements of participation:
[] The first element, that the participation or the participation in fact a mental involvement and feelings, rather than solely or simply by physical involvement.
[] The second element is the willingness to give something to contribute to the attainment of group goals. This means, that there is a sense of fun, volunteering to help the group.
[] The third element is the element of responsibility. The element is a prominent aspect of the sense of being a member. It is recognized as members means there is a sense of "sense of belongingness".
Organisation Theory
A. Classical Organization Theory
Classical theory contains the concepts of the organization beginning in 1800 (age 19). Generally described as enumerated by the classical theorists are very decentralized and specialized tasks, and provide mechanistic clues do not contain rigid structural creativity.
1. Theory of Bureaucracy
This theory was advanced by Max Weber in his book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. The word bureaucracy initially derived from the legal-rational. The organization is legal, because his authority came from a set of rules and procedures are clearly defined role, and the organization is called rational in terms of setting goals and designing the organization to achieve that goal.
2. Administrative Theory
This theory was largely developed on the basis of the contribution of Henri Fayol and Urwick Lyndall from Europe as well as Mooney and Reily of America. Henry Fayol industrialists of France, in 1841-1925 put forward and discuss the 14 principles of management on which to base the development of theories of administration are: ~ The division of labor (division of work) ~ The authorities and responsibilities (authorityand responsibility) ~ Discipline (discipline) ~ Unity of command (unity of command) ~ Unity of direction (unity of direction) ~ Putting the public interest personal daraipada ~ Remuneration (remuneration of personnel) ~ Centralized (centralization) ~ Chain scalar (scalar chain) ~ Rules (oreder) ~ Justice (equity) ~ The continuity of personnel (stability of tenure of personnel) ~ Initiative (initiative) ~ The spirit of the corps (spirit de corps)
3. Scientific Management
Scientific management developed starting in 1900 by Frederick Winslow Taylor. There are two opinions about scientific management. The first opinion says the scientific management is the application of scientific methods to the study, analyzing and solving organizational problems. The second opinion said that scientific management is a set of mechanisms or techniques "a bag of tricks" to improve the work efficiency of the organization.
B. Neo Classical Theory (or Theory of Human Relations)
Neoclassical theory simply as a theory / flow of human relationships (the human relations movement). Neoclassical theory was developed on the basis of classical theory. The presumption of this theory is to emphasize the importance of psychological and social aspects of the employees as individuals and as part of working group on the basis of this assumption is the neoclassical theory defines "an organization" as a group of people with common goals.
C. Modern Organization Theory
Modern theory also called on the organization as a system analysis is the third major streams in organizational theory and management. Modern theories look at all elements of the organization as a whole & interdependence, in which argued that a system is not closed organisasi associated with a stable environment, but the organization was a system will open.
Sources:
http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/education/1931283-ciri-ciri-organisasi/ # ixzz1ZpnPeD00
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi
http://nengsary.wordpress.com/2011/10/05/ciriunsur-dan-teori-organisasi/
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)